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广东“文物医生”李涛：妙手匠心让文物起死回生******
中新网广州11月21日电 题：广东“文物医生”李涛：妙手匠心让文物起死回生
中新网记者 程景伟
在纪录片《南粤工匠》中，一件残破不全的清朝光绪年间书法名家作品，摆在了2021年“南粤工匠”称号获得者、广东省博物馆文物保护科技中心有机文物修复组组长李涛的“手术台”上。由于在岭南乡间民宅尘封百余年，该作品上的字迹如同断了线的珍珠散落开来。这件让很多人一看无法挽救的书法作品，在李涛手中却有了起死回生的可能。
“判断文物材质、区分病害类型、计算病害程度、绘制病害图等，通过设计一套完整的‘治疗’方案，确保每一步都‘药到病除’。”确立了方案后，李涛开始了修复“手术”，棕刷、排笔、糨糊等工具轮番上阵，染、刷、推、压、刮等技法一一上场，使得原来破损的文物焕然生辉，零圭断璧重回连城之价。
纪录片《南粤工匠》11月18日在珠江频道首播，首集讲述了文物修复师李涛的匠心故事。日前，李涛在广州接受了记者采访。
在李涛看来，除了本身技术要过硬，跨学科合作也是南粤工匠突破自我的体现。他说：“文物修复与保护本身就是跨学科的综合性工作，广东省博物馆文物保护科技中心既有生物学博士，也有化学、材料和仪器分析等领域的专家。很多修复方案制定前，需要对文物的保存情况进行鉴定，用专业设备检测文物主要构成成分，内部结构的损伤程度等，才能进一步‘对症下药’。”
李涛经常打交道的书画文物，主要是以纸张、画绢为材料的书写、印刷和绘画作品，其本体为动植物纤维类有机物质，容易受到环境的影响，温度、湿度、光照、空气污染物以及氧气、酸和碱等都会直接或间接影响书画文物的寿命，导致出现发黄、褪色、机械强度下降，甚至出现粉化等现象；此外，这类书画文物还是昆虫、霉菌最爱光顾的“营养基”。
因此，每一件文物艺术品进入广东省博物馆库房前，都要进行消毒杀菌。“不然，库房内其它原本‘健康’的书画文物会一起遭殃。”近年来，李涛接到的“病号”种类越来越广泛，除了狭义的古代书画外，还有地契、中外古籍、隋唐写经、圣旨诰命等。其所修复的藏品质地，也可以细分为绢本、宣纸和机械纸等许多类型。
作为古今的“摆渡人”，文物修复师要常怀敬畏之心，李涛常告诫自己：“你做过的东西，能不能经得起后人推敲，能不能经得起时间的检验。”
“我们经手的文物都有附带一个修复档案，详细记录了修复时间、技法、原材料等信息。”李涛希望，在有生之年，其修复过的文物依然保存完整，“那将是对我职业生涯的最大肯定”。(完)
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎） [责编：天天中] 阅读剩余全文（）  视觉焦点
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